STAGES OF BLADDER CANCER

Stages

The American Cancer Society estimates that 70,980 new cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed in 2009. Approximately 14,330 people will die from the disease. Once bladder cancer has been diagnosed, more testing will be done to see how far the cancer has spread-a process called staging. Your treatment options will vary depending on the stage of your disease.
The following stages are used for bladder cancer:

• Stage 0 or Carcinoma in Situ: At this stage the cancer is found only on the inner lining of the bladder. After the cancer is taken out, no swelling or lumps are felt during an internal examination. During this stage, treatment may be one of the following:
  
  
  • Removal of the cancer using a cystoscope inserted through the urethra to cut out the tumor and burn away any remaining cancer cells (transurethral resection with fulguration).
  • Transurethral resection with fulguration followed by an injection of BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) into the bladder through a tube inserted into the urethra (intravesical).
  • Transurethral resection with fulguration followed by intravesical chemotherapy.
  • Surgery to remove part of the bladder (segmental cystectomy).
  • Surgery to remove the whole bladder and organs around it (radical cystectomy).
  • A clinical trial of photodynamic therapy.
  • A clinical trial of intravesical biological therapy.
  • After treatment for the cancer, a patient may be given chemotherapy to prevent the cancer from coming back.
    
    

• Stage I: At this stage the cancer has spread a little deeper into the inner lining of the bladder but has not spread to the muscular wall of the bladder. During this stage, treatment may be one of the following:
  
  
  • Removal of the cancer using a cystoscope inserted through the urethra to cut out the tumor and burn away any remaining cancer cells (transurethral resection with fulguration).
  • Transurethral resection with fulguration followed by an injection of BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) into the bladder through a tube inserted into the urethra (intravesical).
  • Transurethral resection with fulguration followed by intravesical chemotherapy.
  • Surgery to remove part of the bladder (segmental cystectomy).
  • Surgery to remove the whole bladder and organs around it (radical cystectomy).
  • Placing radioactive substances within or around the tumor, possibly followed by radiation therapy.
  • A clinical trial of chemotherapy to prevent the cancer from coming back after a patient has been treated for cancer.
  • A clinical trial of intravesical therapy.
    
    
• Stage II: At this stage, the cancer has spread to the inside lining of the muscles lining the bladder. Treatment may be one of the following:
  
  
  • Surgery to remove the whole bladder and the organs around it (radical cystectomy). The lymph nodes in the pelvis may also be removed (lymph node dissection).
  • Radiation therapy.
  • Placing radioactive substances within or around the tumor before or after radiation therapy.
  • Removal of the cancer using a cystoscope inserted through the urethra to cut out the tumor and burn away any remaining cancer cells (transurethral resection with fulguration).
  • Surgery to remove part of the bladder (segmental cystectomy).
  • A clinical trial of chemotherapy before cystectomy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) or after cystectomy (adjuvant chemotherapy), or chemotherapy plus radiation therapy.
    
    
• Stage III: At this stage, the cancer has spread throughout the muscular wall of the bladder to the layer of tissue surrounding the bladder and/or to the nearby reproductive organs. A doctor may feel for swelling or lumps after a patient has had an operation to take out the cancer. Treatment may be one of the following:
  
  
  • Surgery to remove the whole bladder and the organs around it (radical cystectomy).
  • Radiation therapy.
  • Placing radioactive substances within or around the tumor followed by radiation therapy.
  • Surgery to remove part of the bladder (segmental cystectomy). · Radiation therapy plus chemotherapy.
  • A clinical trial of systemic chemotherapy before cystectomy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy), or after cystectomy (adjuvant chemotherapy), or chemotherapy plus radiation therapy.


• Stage IV: At this stage, the cancer has spread to the wall of the abdomen or pelvis or to the lymph nodes in the area. The cancer may have also spread to other parts of the body far away from the bladder.
  
  If a patient has Stage IV bladder cancer that has spread to nearby tissue or lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body, treatment may be one of the following:
  
  
• Surgery to remove the whole bladder and the organs around it (radical cystectomy).
• Radiation therapy.
• Surgery to make a way for urine to pass out of the body without going through the bladder (urinary diversion) or surgery to remove the bladder (cystectomy) to relieve symptoms caused by the cancer.
• Chemotherapy following one of the previous treatments.
• A clinical trial of systemic chemotherapy before cystectomy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy), or after cystectomy (adjuvant chemotherapy), or chemotherapy plus radiation therapy.
  If the cancer is found in lymph nodes or other places far away from the bladder, treatment may be one of the following:
  
  
• Chemotherapy alone or in addition to surgery.
• Radiation therapy to relieve symptoms caused by the cancer.
• Urinary diversion or cystectomy to reduce symptoms caused by the cancer.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy.
  
  
• Recurrent: Recurrent disease means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated. It may recur in the bladder or in another part of the body. If cancer comes back only in the bladder, treatment may be surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on what treatment the patient received when cancer first appeared. If the cancer comes back following surgery to remove all of the bladder, a patient may receive chemotherapy. A patient may also choose to participate in a clinical trial.

Men who eat 3 eggs a week at heightened risk of lethal prostate cancer

London, Sept 30 (ANI): Experts have warned that eating three eggs a week could significantly increase a man's chance of dying from prostate cancer.

The researchers found that men who consume more than two and a half eggs on a weekly basis were up to 81 per cent more likely to be killed by the disease, the Daily Mail reported.

They suggested the damage might be done by the large amounts of cholesterol or choline - a nutrient that help cells to function properly - that are found in eggs.

The team at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston examined the eating habits of 27,000 men over a 14-year period.

They found no significant links between the amount of meat eaten and tumours - but a higher number of cancer deaths were evident among those who admitted consuming lots of eggs. (ANI)

Cancer Treatment | Cancer Types, Cause, Symptoms and Cancer Treatment Information

Cancer is a well known deadly disease that is caused due to the inability of some uncontrollably growing cells to die. More than 100 types of cancer have been identified till date, classified on the basis of the type of the initially affected cell.

Cancer usually forms tumors of cells that interfere with the nervous, digestive and circulatory systems of the body and sometimes alter the functions by releasing unwanted hormones. They are usually benign and are limited to a region. The more dangerous is the other kind of tumors, i.e. the malignant ones. It occurs when a cancerous cell manages to travel throughout the body through the circulatory system and destroy healthy tissues in its path.

Cancer usually develops due to mutation in the genes of the cell making it to forget to die. The cell goes on multiplying and does not die as it had to. Finally, it starts forming a mass. These mutations are caused by many different stimuli like x-rays, radiations, different chemicals etc.

The main factor that affects the successful treatment of cancer is based on the timing of detection. An early detection of the deadly disease greatly improves the odds of successful treatment. A biopsy, i.e. obtaining a sample of the affected tissue and studying using a microscope is the only way of diagnosis.

Cancer is treated using a number of techniques that include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, gene therapy, hormone therapy etc. that come in the category of oncology.
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Men who eat 3 eggs a week at heightened risk of lethal prostate cancer

London, Sept 30 (ANI): Experts have warned that eating three eggs a week could significantly increase a man's chance of dying from prostate cancer.

The researchers found that men who consume more than two and a half eggs on a weekly basis were up to......

STAGES OF BLADDER CANCER

The American Cancer Society estimates that 70,980 new cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed in 2009. Approximately 14,330 people will die from the disease. Once bladder cancer has been diagnosed, more testing will be done to see how far the cancer has spread-a process called staging. Your treatment options will vary depending on .....

 

Blood Cancer: Treatment in Ayurveda

Ayurveda is a science of life, it can be an alternative therapy for cancer such as the blood cancer, but modern medicine doesn’t take much from it. Ayurveda views cancer as the result of an impure blood aggravated Doshas, the Vata, Pitta and kapha Doshas. One possible explanation for the rise in cancer diagnoses in the modern times is due to the increased consumption of chemicals and other synthetic materials in the diets.

Ayurveda, the science of medicine which is known to be rooted more than 5000 years back in Indian culture provides great many options for the deadly disease. The treatment in this traditional approach has been well known and widespread since time immemorial and is still famous even after the onset of the allopathic approach. The Ayurvedic medicines are well known for their unique ability to provide a safe and side-affects less treatment. The medicines in the Ayurveda are prepared using natural herbs, derivatives and many kinds of roots.

The Ayurveda offers support and a comfort for the cancer patients like those who have blood cancer. It offers palliative, prophylactic, supportive and a curative solutions for cancer. Ayurveda can support the patient in many ways like the following:

1. Can be used as a co-therapy with the chemotherapy
2. Can be used along with the radiotherapy
3. Can be used for the post surgery
4. It can prevent cancer cell’s propagation
5. It cures the tumors
6. And it can be used as a therapy to help improve the quality of life of the cancer patient

Ayurveda advocates harmony with nature to battle cancer. The balance between the three Doshas should be maintained to prevent cancer

Bladder Cancer: Signs and Symptoms

Bladder cancer is a very common type of cancer which affects the urinary bladder. Bladder is the organ which acts as a reservoir to collect urine until it is excreted from the body. One man in every thirty has the risk to develop this disease. Over 10000 cases are diagnosed each year in the UK. There is a risk of developing bladder cancer among the countries of Egypt and Iraq. It is estimated that half of all bladder cancers occurs in men and one third in women is the result of smoking. Diagnosis of bladder cancer is done by sending urine sample for a test to analyze the presence of abnormal cells. The next test is cytoscopy, in which the patient is given local anesthesia and a thin tube is inserted through urethra into the bladder. With the help of fiber optics over the tube, the doctor inspects the inner side of the bladder and there by detect the presence of bladder cancer.

The symptoms of bladder cancer are few but are noticeable. In some cases blood stains are found in the urine in various amounts and colors. . The color of blood varies from pink to red to brown. This condition is known as Hematuria. Sometimes blood clots also appear in the urine. In some other cases the patient develops severe pain while urination. This pain can be mild to severe. This condition is known by the name of Dysuria. Other symptoms related to bladder cancer include frequent tendency to pass urine during night and day. People suffering from bladder cancer may face an intense physical sensation to empty the bladder, whether they urinate or not when attempting to do so.

Breast Cancer: Understanding and Treatment

There are many kinds of cancer, and one of the common cancer among women is the breast cancer. The second leading cause of death from cancer is the breast cancer that most women suffer today. It was known in Singapore that almost every 1 in every 20 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer. The Chinese women are have a higher risk in getting a breast cancer than Malay and Indian by about 10- 20%.

The factors that trigger this cancer are unknown. It might be from a family which has a history for breast cancer, the early menarche or some other possible risk factors. It is difficult to determine and any one can be at risk for this, especially when you reach the age of 40 and above. Though the factors in having a breast cancer is not known, a complete cure for this is possible through early detection and a regular breast checks.

Treatment options and the chance of recovery depend on the cancer stage, it might be in the breast only or it has already spread to other places of the body.

To remove the cancer from the breast most prefer to undergo a surgery. The forms of injury include the Breast- conserving surgery or Lumpectomy which is the removal of the cancer, and the surrounding tissue in a small amount; the other one is the Mastectomy which is the removal of the whole breast, or without lymph nodes right under the axilla.

Other treatment for breast cancer includes radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy to have an improve chances for recovery.

Cancer: The Causes and Preventing The Disease

Cancer, a serious disease that is life- threatening. A number of cancer cases in the United States are continuously growing up each year. Anybody can get cancer; people of all ages has the possibility to get cancer, but it is mostly common to people of middle- aged and elderly people than in the young ones.

The most common type of cancer among men and women is the skin cancer; next to being the most common type of cancer for men is prostate cancer, while among women it is breast cancer. The leading cause of death for both men and women from cancer is the lung cancer, and the most common for children and young adults are brain cancer and leukemia.

We need to learn more about cancer causes so we could find ways to prevent it. We know that cancer is not caused by an injury like bump or bruises, and that cancer is not contagious so no one can get or catch cancer from another person.

Cancer causes are not really clear but cancer is developing gradually as the result of a complex factor from the environment, the lifestyle and to some its heredity. Here are some known factors that increase the risk of cancer; tobacco, diet, sunlight, radiation, chemicals and other harmful substances, hormone replacement therapy, Diethylstilbestrol and close relatives with certain types of cancer.

You may be able to reduce the risk of having cancer by making the good food choices, take a varied and a well- balanced diet and foods that contains vitamins, fibers and minerals.

Cancer Treatment | Herbal Treatment for Deadly Cancer

Cancer is a kind of disease in which a group of cells rapidly grows uncontrollably, thus intruding and destroys tissues and spreading all over the body through lymph or blood. According to researchers, cancer is of two causes; the environmental causes and the hereditary genetic cause.

There are no medicines that can actually cure all cancer, but there are medicines that are best selected that could bring best results for cancer treatment. A lot of herbs are discovered that can be used as a cancer treatment. There are herbs like astragalus, Echinacea, dong quai, and Asian ginseng that can boost the immune system and support the body against the existing or future cancer. Although there are some herbal medicines that can be used for cancer treatment, you can never rely on them completely until better evidence is taken for it to be proven.

The most popular alternative for cancer treatment is the Traditional Chinese Medicine. The TCM has been very effective and safety, making it prospers for thousands of years now. Although not everything has been understood by the modern science and it cannot as well be boasted to cure each cancer, but the Traditional Chinese Medicine has stood for 5,000 of years now, and unlike chemotherapy, it can kill the “bad” without harming the “good”, it also treats the body all throughout as a whole, empowering the body to fight against evil. Traditional Chinese Medicine is a natural care for a better living.

Cancer: Understanding the Symptoms

Since cancer is a serious and critical condition, this should not be taken for granted. The best fighting tool for cancer is prevention, and to prevent cancer it is very important to detect cancer as early as possible before it rapidly spreads. To detect cancer you should be aware of the cancer symptoms.
The known signs of cancer is having a lump of the thickening in the testicles or the breast, changes in a mole or wart, a persistent sore throat that doesn’t seem to heal or a skin sore, changes in bowel habits, coughing blood or the persistent coughing, trouble swallowing or the constant indigestion, vaginal discharge or unusual bleeding and the chronic fatigue. If you notice some of these symptoms then you should see a doctor to have a diagnosis.

Here are some of the cancer symptoms that might help you detect a specific kind of cancer:

1. Bladder cancer: the presence of blood in the urine, having the pain or burning during urination; cloudy urine and the frequent urination.
   
2. Bone cancer: having pain in the bone or the swelling around the area which is affected; bone fractures; fatigues; weakness; weight loss; repeated infections; vomiting; nausea; constipation; weakness or leg numbness; persistent bumps and bruises.
   
3. Brain cancer: abnormal eye movement or some changes in vision; dizziness; drowsiness; weakness; difficulties in walking or loss of feelings in arms and legs; changes in personality, speech and memory; headaches that is worst in the morning but tends to ease during the day.
   
4. Breast cancer: lump or breast thickening; discharge from the nipple; feeling of heat.

These are only some of the cancer symptoms that might help you identify if you have cancer or not.